动词的时态

1. 动词的时态主要有：

一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、一般过去将来时、一般将来时、将来进行时和将来完成时等。

2. 一般将来时的表达方式：

(1)一般将来时表示未来的动作或状态，常与表示将来的时间状语，如：tomorrow, next day, soon, in a month, in the future, next Sunday等连用。有时句中无时间状语，时间关系由上下文暗示；

(2)will do还表示临时的决定；

(3)在if, unless, before, after, until等引导的条件或时间状语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时，而主句用一般将来时；

(4) “be going to+动词原形”表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或有迹象表明即将发生的动作或状态；

(5) “be+V-ing形式”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于以下动词，如：come, go, leave, arrive, return, fly, meet, see, do, have, get等；

(6) “be about to+动词原形”表示打算或安排即将发生的动作。它一般不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用；

(7) “be to+动词原形”表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作；

(8) 一般现在时表示按时刻表或根据规定将要发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位移的动词，如：come, go, leave, start, begin, take off, set off等。

动词的语态

1. 一般现在时的被动语态：

is/am/are+V-ed。例如：English is widely spoken all over the world.

2. 一般过去时的被动语态：

was/were+V-ed。例如：The underground was built five years ago.

3. 一般将来时的被动语态：

①will/shall be+V-ed。例如：

The decision will be made at the meeting tomorrow.

We shall be punished if we break the rule.

②be going to be+V-ed。例如：The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow.

③be to be+V-ed。例如：The sports meet is to be held on April 20.

4. 现在完成时的被动语态：

have/has been +V-ed。例如：Many a house has been built in our city so far.

5. 现在进行时的被动语态：

is/am/are being+V-ed。例如：The stadium is being built in the north of our city at present.

6. 短语动词在变被动语态时，因其是一个不可分割的整体，故不可丢掉短语动词的介词或副词。例如：

The nurse took good care of the patients.→The patients were taken good care of by the nurse.

7. 带有双宾语的句子的被动语态：带有双宾语的句子在变为被动结构时，可以将一个变为主语，另一个（多为直接宾语）仍旧保留在谓语后面。例如：

My aunt gave me a bike.

→I was given a bike by my aunt.

→A bike was given to me by my aunt.

8. 带有复合宾语的句子，变为被动结构时，宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。要注意，主动语态中作宾语补足语的不带to的不定式，在变为被动语态时要带to。例如：

(1)The boss made his workers work hard for him every day.→His workers were made to work hard for him every day by the boss.

(2)Everyone calls him Big Brother.→He was called Big Brother by everyone.

(3)I saw him going into the supermarket.→He was seen going into the supermarket.

9. 带有情态动词的句子在变为被动语态时，可变成：情态动词+be/have been+V-ed。例如：

They must like the book very much.→The book must be liked very much by them.

She must have known the truth.→The truth must have been known by her.

不用于被动语态的主要词汇

1. 系动词，如：look, sound, sense, smell, feel, appear, remain, stay, keep等不用于被动语态。

2. 不及物动词及短语动词，如：arise, happen, occur, last, take place, break out, belong to, consist of, come about, come out等不用于被动语态。

【目标训练】

用括号内词汇的适当形式填空。

1. Robert usually ______________ (go) to school on foot every morning.

2. The train ______________ (leave) at 9:00 a.m, so you needn’t hurry.

3. If my father ______________ (know) the truth, he will get angry.

4. Preparations for the program ______________ (start) a year ago and ______________ (finish) in three months.

5. Smoking ______________ (believe) to cause more than 6 million deaths worldwide each year.

6. My childhood ______________ (make) magical because of the wonderful writer Roald Dahl.

7. The couple ______________ (visit) China next month and they have bought the plane tickets.

8. We ______________ (spend) next weekend in Hainan with the Greens.

9. Up to now, nine miners ______________ (rescue) from the mine by the rescue team.

10. Much of the research ______________ (take place) during the winter, when trees are bare (光秃秃的).

Key:

1. goes

2. leaves

3. knows

4. were started; will be finished

5. is believed

6. was made

7. will visit/are visiting

8. will spend/are spending

9. have been rescued

10. takes place